Single mode dispersion-shifted optical fiber comprising an external refractive index ring

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber having: 
     cladding of given refractive index (n s ); and 
     a fiber core having an index profile that is Gaussian with a pedestal, i.e. a “dual shape core” index profile; 
     said fiber being characterized in that the index profile of the fiber core has an outer ring of index (n 3 ) greater than the index (n s ) of the cladding. 
     The invention provides better control over the wavelength at which chromatic dispersion is zero, while conserving the other transmission characteristics of known fibers, such as mode diameter and attenuation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber.

Single-mode optical fibers that are referred to as “dispersion-shifted fibers” (DSFs) are such that, at the transmission wavelength at which they are used (which wavelength is, in general, different from the wavelength of 1.3 μm for which the dispersion of silica is substantially zero), the chromatic dispersion of the transmitted wave is substantially zero; i.e. the non-zero chromatic dispersion of silica is compensated (hence, the use of the term “shifted”) by increasing the index difference Δn between the core of the fiber and the optical cladding. This index difference makes it possible to shift the wavelength for which the chromatic dispersion is zero. It is obtained by inserting dopants into the fiber while it is being manufactured, e.g. by a modified chemical vapor deposition (MCVD) process that is known per se, and that is not described in any more detail herein. A typical value for the index difference between the cladding and the core of the fiber is 24×10⁻³. The increase in refractive index in silica can be obtained by using germanium as the dopant. The terms “cladding” and “core” are known to the person skilled in the art; conventionally, the “cladding” is the portion that extends to a diameter of 125 μm. The core corresponds to the portion in which about 70% of the light energy propagates.

Such single-mode fibers must also preferably have characteristics that correspond to the requirements both of cable-makers and of system designers: firstly they must have small mode diameters, and good “cablability” (i.e. suitability for being included in a cable), involving bending capacity of the fiber and low attenuation; and secondly they must have mode diameters that are as large as possible, large effective areas, and suitable values for the zero-dispersion wavelength λ₀. When such fibers are used for wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) transmission systems, the constraints are even more stringent.

It would be preferable to use a fiber having a λ₀ value that is greater than or equal to 1565 nm, and advantageously that is greater than or equal to 1585 nm, in order to avoid using a dispersion-compensating fiber (DCF), which suffers from the drawbacks of facilitating non-linear effects, of having high attenuation, and of being difficult to lay in a cable. Unfortunately, existing fibers having such λ₀ values have small effective areas or high attenuation around 1550 nm.

Numerous index profiles have been proposed for such dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibers. The index profile is generally described as a function of the appearance of the curve representing the refractive index as a function of the radius of the fiber. The index profile is thus said to be “stepped”, “trapezium-shaped” or “triangular” for curves representing the variation of refractive index as a function of radius that are respectively stepped, trapezium-shaped, or triangular. Such curves generally represent the ideal or reference profile of the fiber, it being possible for the constraints involved in manufacturing the fiber to give rise to a profile that is significantly different.

Early dispersion-shifted optical fibers were of the index-step, triangle, Gaussian, or α power type. The characteristics of those fibers are no longer considered to be sufficient, in particular because of their small mode diameters and of their sensitivity to bending, even though those fibers have attenuation values lower than 0.20 dB/km at 1550 nm. A new family of fibers has thus been developed: fibers whose index profiles are Gaussian with a pedestal, or “dual shape core” index profiles.

Thus, Patent Application EP-A-0 789 257 describes a fiber having an index profile that is Gaussian with a pedestal, i.e. that is a “dual shape core” index profile. The index profile of that fiber is shown in FIG. 1. That fiber has a mode diameter of 9 μm, a λ₀ wavelength of about 1582 nm.

Patent Document U.S. Pat. No. 5,278,931 describes an optical fiber having improved sensitivity to bending, with a core region having a refractive index greater than the refractive index of the remainder of the fiber, and a small diffusion tail at the interface between the core and the cladding. That document suggests optionally providing a ring of higher index appropriately chosen to lower the cutoff wavelength or to obtain a fiber that is less sensitive to bending.

Those various known solutions do not make it possible to obtain a λ₀ wavelength value that is high or that can be chosen freely, while also conserving the characteristics suitable for good “cablability”.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention proposes a solution that makes it possible to maintain an effective area A_(ef) that is large, typically above 70 μm², thereby limiting non-linear effects. The fiber of the invention also makes it possible to obtain attenuation that is low, preferably less than or equal to 0.2 dB/km. In addition, it makes it possible, for all these parameters, to obtain a zero chromatic dispersion wavelength λ₀ that is advantageously greater than or equal to 1585 nm; which makes it possible (if the fiber is used for WDM transmissions) to avoid or to limit four-wave mixing and the use of dispersion-compensating fibers.

In other words, the invention proposes a method of increasing the value λ₀ of the wavelength for which chromatic dispersion is zero in a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber having cladding with a given index (n_(s)), a fiber core with an index profile that is Gaussian with a pedestal, i.e. a “dual shape core” index profile, and a mode diameter that is advantageously greater than or equal to 8 μm, including the addition in the index profile of the fiber core of an outer annular portion of index greater than the index of the cladding.

The invention thus provides a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber having:

cladding of given refractive index; and

a fiber core having an index profile that is Gaussian with a pedestal, i.e. a “dual shape core” index profile;

said fiber being characterized in that the index profile of the fiber core has an outer ring of index greater than the index of the cladding.

Advantageously, the index of said ring is greater than or equal to the index of the pedestal, and preferably lies in the range 1×10⁻³ to 6×10⁻³.

In an embodiment, said ring has a thickness lying in the range 0.3 times the radius of the Gaussian portion of the core to 0.8 times said radius.

In an embodiment, the maximum index of the Gaussian portion of the core is generally greater than or equal to 9.5×10⁻³.

Preferably, the index of said pedestal is greater than the index of the cladding.

In an embodiment, the index of said pedestal generally lies in the range 1×10⁻³ to 3×10⁻³.

In another embodiment, the index between said pedestal and said ring is less than or equal to the index of the cladding. Such an index generally lies in the range 0 to −0.5×10⁻³.

Advantageously, the portion of the fiber between said pedestal and said ring has a thickness lying in the range 0.3 times the radius of the Gaussian portion of the core to 0.8 times said radius.

Between said outer ring and the cladding, the fiber may also have an annular portion of index less than or equal to the index of said outer ring and the index of the cladding. Such an index generally lies in the range 0 to −0.5×10⁻³.

The fiber of the invention is generally and preferably such that the value of the wavelength for which the chromatic dispersion is zero is advantageously greater than or equal to 1565 nm, and preferably greater than or equal to 1585 nm.

Advantageously, said fiber has an effective area greater than or equal to 70 μm².

Preferably, it has attenuation less than 0.2 dB/km for a wavelength value of 1550 nm.

The invention thus proposes to add a ring to existing fiber profiles of the Gaussian-with-pedestal or “dual shape core” type. It makes it possible to conserve low attenuation, and large effective area, while obtaining λ₀ values that are high and that are typically greater than or equal to 1565 nm, and advantageously greater than or equal to 1585 nm.

The invention generally makes it possible to obtain for the fiber a λ₀ wavelength of at least 1565 nm and preferably at least 1585 nm, together with the following characteristics:

an effective area greater than or equal to 70 μm²; and

attenuation of less than or equal to 0.2 dB/km for a wavelength value of 1550 nm.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

Other characteristics and advantages of the invention appear on reading the following description of various embodiments of the invention, given by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the reference index profile of a known dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber;

FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the index profile of a fiber of the invention;

FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the index profile of a fiber of the invention having an annular portion n_(c) less than the index n_(s) of the cladding; and

FIG. 4 is a diagram showing core index profile of a fiber of the invention having an index n₄ between the pedestal and the ring that is less than the index n_(s) of the cladding.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 has already been discussed.

EXAMPLE

The invention proposes to add a ring to a Gaussian-with-pedestal or “dual shape core” index profile. FIG. 2 is a diagram of a fiber of the invention. The fiber of FIG. 2 has a fiber core with a Gaussian portion, for radii of less than a₁ in which the index varies in the range n₁=11×10⁻³ to n₂=1.5×10⁻³. a₁ lies in the range 2.5 μm to 4 μm. Around the Gaussian portion, the fiber has a pedestal, of index n₂ that is substantially constant, from radii a₁ to a₃; a₃ is equal to in the range two times a₁ to three times a₁.

Around this pedestal, the invention provides a ring; the ring is separated from the pedestal by an annular portion, from radii a₃ to a₄, of index n₄ less than the index of the pedestal, and, for example, less than the index of the cladding n_(s) (see FIG. 4); a value of about 0.5×a₁ for a₄−a₃ gives good results. More generally, a value in the range 0.3 times a, to 0.8 times a₁ is appropriate. It is also possible to choose an annular portion of index a₄ greater than or equal to the index of the cladding n_(s).

The invention then provides the ring which has an index n₃ greater than the index of the cladding n_(s) and than the index of the annular portion n₄. For example, the ring has an index n₃ of 4×10⁻³, and extends over the radii lying in the range a₄ to a₅, where a₅−a₄ has a value of about 0.5×a₁. More generally, a value for a₅−a₄ lying in the range 0.3 times a₁ to 0.8 times a₁ is appropriate.

The cladding of index n_(s) extends around the ring. In particular if it facilitates manufacturing the fiber, it is possible, immediately before the cladding, to provide a second annular portion of index n_(c) that is less than the index of the cladding n_(s), and less than the index n₃ of the ring. This index n_(c) may be greater than or less than the index n₄ between the pedestal and the ring.

The invention improves the transmission characteristics of prior art fibers, because it makes it possible to increase the value λ₀ for which chromatic dispersion is zero; by way of comparison, it is possible to consider an optical fiber having a conventional Gaussian-with-pedestal or “dual shape core” index profile, as shown in FIG. 7 of EP-A-0 789 257. Such a fiber has the following characteristics:

λ₀=1582 nm;

mode diameter: 10.1 μm; and

cutoff wavelength: 1690 nm.

In comparison, in the invention, adding a ring as in the profile shown in FIG. 2 makes it possible to reduce the attenuation by 0.01 dB/km at 1550 nm, to reduce the cutoff wavelength, and to increase the effective area by 10 μm².

In the example shown, the indices n₄ and n₅ are equal to the index n_(s) of silica and are mutually equal. The invention may thus be implemented with index values n₄ and n₅ that are different from each other, and greater than or equal to the index of the cladding n_(s).

Naturally, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described and shown, but rather numerous variants are accessible to the person skilled in the art. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber having: cladding of given refractive index (n_(s)); and a fiber core having an index profile that is Gaussian with a pedestal, said fiber being characterized in that the index profile of the fiber core has an outer ring of index (n₃) greater than the index (n_(s)) of the cladding, such that the index (n₄) between said pedestal and said ring is less than or equal to the index (n_(s)) of the cladding.
 2. A fiber according to claim 1, such that the index (n₃) of said ring is greater than or equal to the index (n₂) of the pedestal.
 3. A fiber according to claim 2, such that the index (n₃) of said ring lies in the range 1×10⁻³ to 6×10⁻³.
 4. A fiber according to claim 1, such that the maximum index (n₁) of the Gaussian portion of the core is greater than or equal to 9.5×10⁻³.
 5. A fiber according to claims 1, such that the index (n₂) of said pedestal is greater than the index (n_(s)) of the cladding.
 6. A fiber according to claim 5, such that the index (n₂) of said pedestal lies in the range 1×10⁻³ to 3×10⁻³.
 7. A fiber according to claim 1, such that said ring has a thickness (a₅−a₄) lying in the range 0.3 times the radius (a₁) of the Gaussian portion of the core to 0.8 times said radius.
 8. A fiber according to claim 1, such that the index (n₄) between said pedestal and said ring lies in the range 0 to −0.5×10⁻³.
 9. A fiber according to claim 1, such that the portion of the fiber between said pedestal and said ring has a thickness (a₄−a₃) lying in the range 0.3 times the radius (a₁) of the Gaussian portion of the core to 0.8 times said radius.
 10. A fiber according to claim 1, such that the value of the wavelength for which the chromatic dispersion is zero is greater than or equal to 1565 nm.
 11. A fiber according to claim 10, such that the value of the wavelength for which the chromatic dispersion is zero is greater than or equal to 1585 nm.
 12. A dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber having: cladding of given refractive index (n_(s)); and a fiber core having an index profile that is Gaussian with a pedestal; said fiber being characterized in that the index profile of the fiber core has an outer ring of index (n₃) greater than the index (n_(s)) of the cladding, such that, between said outer ring and the cladding it has an annular portion of index (n_(c)) less than the index (n₃) of said outer ring and the index (n_(s)) of the cladding.
 13. A fiber according to claim 12, such that said index (n_(c)) lies in the range 0 to −0.5×10⁻³.
 14. A dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber having: cladding of given refractive index (n_(s)); and a fiber core having an index profile that is Gaussian with a pedestal; said fiber being characterized in that the index profile of the fiber core has an outer ring of index (n₃) greater than the index (n_(s)) of the cladding, such that it has an effective area greater than or equal to 70 μm².
 15. A dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fiber having: cladding of given refractive index (n_(s)); and a fiber core having an index profile that is Gaussian with a pedestal; said fiber being characterized in that the index profile of the fiber core has an outer ring of index (n₃) greater than the index (n_(s)) of the cladding, such it has attenuation less than 0.2 dB/km for a wavelength value of 1550 nm. 